14/05/2013

Through the Looking Glass - Chapter 7

Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll
 
 
Chapter 7 - The Lion and the Unicorn
 
The next moment soldiers cam running through the wood, at first in twos and threes, then ten or twenty together, and at last in such crowds that they seemed to fill the whole forest. Alice got behind a tree, for fear of being run over, and watched them go by.

She thought that in all her life she had never seen soldiers so uncertain on their feet: they were always tripping over something or other, and whenever one went down, several more always fell over him, so that the ground was soon covered with little heaps of men.

Then came the horses. Having four feet, these managed rather better than the foot-soldiers: but even they stumbled now and then; and it seemed to be a regular rule that, whenever a horse stumbled the rider fell off instantly. The confusion got worse every moment, and Alice was very glad to get out of the wood into an open place, where she found the White King seated on the ground, busily writing in his memorandum-book.

`I've sent them all!' the King cried in a tone of delight, on seeing Alice. `Did you happen to meet any soldiers, my dear, as you came through the wood?'

`Yes, I did,' said Alice: several thousand, I should think.'

`Four thousand two hundred and seven, that's the exact number,' the King said, referring to his book. `I couldn't send all the horses, you know, because two of them are wanted in the game. And I haven't sent the two Messengers, either. They're both gone to the town. Just look along the road, and tell me if you can see either of them.'

`I see nobody on the road,' said Alice.

`I only wish I had such eyes,' the King remarked in a fretful tone. `To be able to see Nobody! And at that distance, too! Why, it's as much as I can do to see real people, by this light!'

All this was lost on Alice, who was still looking intently along the road, shading her eyes with one hand. `I see somebody now!' she exclaimed at last. `But he's coming very slowly -- and what curious attitudes he goes into!' (For the messenger kept skipping up and down, and wriggling like an eel, as he came along, with his great hands spread out like fans on each side.)

`Not at all,' said the King. `He's an Anglo-Saxon Messenger -- and those are Anglo-Saxon attitudes. He only does them when he's happy. His name ia Haigha.' (He pronounced it so as to rhyme with `mayor.'

`I love my love with an H,' Alice couldn't help beginning,' because he is Happy. I hate him with an H, because he is Hideous. I fed him with -- with -- with Ham-sandwiches and Hay. His name is Haigha, and he lives -- '

`He lives on the Hill,' the King remarked simply, without the least idea that he was joining in the game, while Alice was still hesitating for the name of a town beginning with H. `The other Messenger's called Hatta. I must have two, you know -- to come and go. Once to come, and one to go.'

`I beg your pardon?' said Alice.

`It isn't respectable to beg,' said the King.

`I only meant that I didn't understand,' said Alice. `Why one to come and one to go?'

`Don't I tell you?' the King repeated impatiently. `I must have Two -- to fetch and carry. One to fetch, and one to carry.'

At this moment the Messenger arrived: he was far too much out of breath to say a word, and could only wave his hands about, and make the most fearful faces at the poor King.

`This young lady loves you with an H,' the King said, introducing Alice in the hope of turning off the Messenger's attention from himself -- but it was no use -- the Anglo-Saxon attitudes only got more extraordinary every moment, while the great eyes rolled wildly from side to side.

`You alarm me!' said the King. `I feel faint -- Give me a ham sandwich!'

On which the Messenger, to Alice's great amusement, opened a bag that hung round his neck, and handed a sandwich to the King, who devoured it greedily.

`Another sandwich!' said the King.

`There's nothing but hay left now,' the Messenger said, peeping into the bag.

`Hay, then,' the King murmured in a faint whisper.

Alice was glad to see that it revived him a good deal. `There's nothing like eating hay when you're faint,' he remarked to her, as he munched away.

`I should think throwing cold water over you would be better,' Alice suggested: `or some sal-volatile.'

`I didn't say there was nothing better,' the King replied. `I said there was nothing like it.' Which Alice did not venture to deny.

`Who did you pass on the road?' the King went on, holding out his hand to the Messenger for some more hay.

Sejarah Renang, Nomor dan Gaya yang Diperlombakan dalam Renang

Sejarah Renang
Renang telah dikenal sejah zaman pra-sejarah. Dari gambar-gambar yang berasal dari zaman batu diketahui adanya gua-gua bagi para perenang di dekat Wadi Sora sebelah barat daya Mesir. Di Jepang, renang adalah kemampuan yang harus dimiliki oleh para samurai. Sejarah mencatat, pertandingan renang pertama diselenggarakan oleh Kaisar Suigui pada 36 sebelum Masehi.

Pertandingan renang yang memperebutkan gelar juara telah dimulai di Eropa sekitar tahun 1800 dan sebagian besar menggunakan gaya dada. Renang gaya bebas pertama kali dikenalkan oleh Arthur Trudgen. Gaya ini kemudian mulai dikombinasikan dengan gaya kaki yang menendang oleh Richard Cavill pada 1902. Di abad pertengahan, renang termasuk dalam tujuh kemahiran yang harus dimiliki oleh para ksatria termasuk berenang dengan membawa senjata.

Olahraga renang pertama kali dipertandingkan dalam Olimpiade modern 1896 di Athena, Yunani. Pada Olimpiade ini, hanya empat nomor yang dipertandingkan dari rencana semula enam nomor. Masing-masing adalah nomor 100 meter, 500 meter, 1.200 meter, nomor bebas, dan 100 meter bagi para pelaut. Olimpiade kedua diselenggarakan di Paris, Prancis pada 1900 dan mempertandingkan nomor 200 m, 1.000 m, 4.000 m, nomor bebas, 200 m gaya dada, dan 200 m nomor beregu.

Persatuan Renang Internasional (Federation Internationale De Natation De Amateur/FINA) dibentuk tahun 1908 semula menetapkan, gaya kupu-kupu adalah variasi gaya dada. Gaya ini baru menjadi gaya terpisah di tahun 1952. Wanita baru diperkenankan ikut pertandingan renang pada Olimpiade 1912 di Stockholm, Belanda.

25/04/2013

Through the Looking Glass - Chapter 6

Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll

Chapter 6 - Humpty Dumpty

However, the egg only got larger and larger, and more and more human: when she had come within a few yards of it, she saw that it had eyes and a nose and mouth; and when she had come close to it, she saw clearly that it was HUMPTY DUMPTY himself. `It can't be anybody else!' she said to herself. `I'm as certain of it, as if his name were written all over his face.'

It might have been written a hundred times, easily, on that enormous face. Humpty Dumpty was sitting with his legs crossed, like a Turk, on the top of a high wall -- such a narrow one that Alice quite wondered how he could keep his balance -- and, as his eyes were steadily fixed in the opposite direction, and he didn't take the least notice of her, she thought he must be a stuffed figure after all.

`And how exactly like an egg he is!' she said aloud, standing with her hands ready to catch him, for she was every moment expecting him to fall.

`It's very provoking,' Humpty Dumpty said after a long silence, looking away from Alice as he spoke, `to be called an egg -- very!'

`I said you looked like an egg, Sir,' Alice gently explained. `And some eggs are very pretty, you know, she added, hoping to turn her remark into a sort of a compliment.

`Some people,' said Humpty Dumpty, looking away from her as usual, `have no more sense than a baby!'

Alice didn't know what to say to this: it wasn't at all like conversation, she thought, as he never said anything to her; in fact, his last remark was evidently addressed to a tree -- so she stood and softly repeated to herself: --
`Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall:
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.
All the King's horses and all the King's men
Couldn't put Humpty Dumpty in his place again.'
`That last line is much too long for the poetry,' she added, almost out loud, forgetting that Humpty Dumpty would hear her.

Pengertian, Fungsi, Jenis, Teori, Permintaan dan Penawaran Uang


PENGERTIAN UANG
Uang adalah suatu benda yang dengan mudah dan umum diterima oleh masyarakat untuk pembayaran pembelian barang, jasa, dan barang berharga lainnya, dan untuk pembayaran hutang.
Uang mempunyai ciri dapat diterima umum, dapat digunakan sebagai alat tukar, dan dapat digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran.

FUNGSI UANG
Sebagai alat pemenuh kebutuhan hidup, uang mempunyai beberapa fungsi, fungsi asli dan turunan. Yang termasuk fungsi asli adalah sebagai alat tukar dan satuan hitung. Sedangkan yang termasuk fungsi turunan adalah sebagai standar atau ukuran pembayaran yang ditunda, alat penyimpan kekayaan, dan alat pengalih kekayaan.

JENIS UANG
Uang dibedakan menjadi:
1.      Berdasarkan Pihak Yang Mengeluarkan
Berdasarkan pihak yang mengeluarkan, uang dibedakan menjadi aung kartal dan uang giral. Uang kartal adalah uang kertas atau logam yang beredar di masyarakat. Uang ini dikeluarkan dan diatur peredarannya oleh pemerintah serta merupakan alat pembayaran yang sah.
Uang giral adalah alat pembayaran berupa cek, bilyet giro, dan sejenisnya. Uang giral dikeluarkan oleh bank dan digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran.
2.      Berdasarkan Bahan Uang
Berdasarkan bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat uang, uang dibedakan atas uang logam dan uang kertas. Uang logam adalah uag yang yang terbuat dari logam berupa emas, perak atau logam lainnya. Sedangkan uang kertas adalah uang yang terbuat dari kertas serta penggunaannya diatur oleh undang-undang dan kebiasaan.
3.      Berdasarkan Negara Yang Mengeluarkan
Berdasarkan negara yang mengeluarkan, uang dibedakan atas uang dalam negri dan uang luar negri. Uang dalam negri adalah uang yang dikeluarkan oleh negara yang bersangkutan. Rupiah adalah uang yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah Indonsia. Uang luar negri adalah uang yang beredar dalam suatu negara, tapi yang mengeluarkannya adalah negara lain. Contohnya adalah Dolar Amerika (US) dan Poundsterling (Inggris).
4.      Berdasarkan Nilai Uang
Berdasarkan perbandingan nilai bahan dengan nilai tukar, uang dibedakan atas uang bernilai penuh dan uang tidak bernilai penuh. Uang nilai penuh adalah uang yang nilai bahannya sama dengan nilai nominal atau nilai penuh yang terdapat pada standar emas. Pada standar emas, nilai uang tersebut sesuai dengan bahan yang terkandung pada bahan uang. Uang tidak bernilai penuh adalah uang yang nilai bahannya lebih kecil daripada nilai nominalnya. Umumnya uang yang tidak berniali penuh adalah uang kertas.

17/03/2013

Through the Looking Glass - Chapter 5

Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll
 
Chapter 5 - Wool and Water
 
She caught the shawl as she spoke, and looked about for the owner: in another moment the White Queen came running wildly through the wood, with both arms stretched out wide, as if she were flying, and Alice very civilly went to meet her with the shawl.

`I'm very glad I happened to be in the way,' Alice said, as she helped her to put on her shawl again.

The While Queen only looked at her in a helpless frightened sort of way, and kept repeating something in a whisper to herself that sounded like `bread-and-butter, bread-and-butter,' and Alice felt that if there was to be any conversation at all, she must manage it herself. So she began rather timidly: `Am I addressing the White Queen?'

`Well, yes, if you call that a-dressing,' The Queen said. `It isn't my notion of the thing, at all."

Alice thought it would never do to have an argument at the very beginning of their conversation, so she smiled and said, `If your Majesty will only tell me the right way to begin, I'll do it as well as I can.'

`But I don't want it done at all!' groaned the poor Queen. `I've been a-dressing myself for the last two hours.'

It would have been all the better, as it seemed to Alice, if she had got some one else to dress her, she was so dreadfully untidy. `Every single thing's crooked,' Alice thought to herself, `and she's all over pins! -- may I put your shawl straight for you?' she added aloud.

`I don't know what's the matter with it!' the Queen said, in a melancholy voice. `It's out of temper, I think. I've pinned it here, and I've pinned it there, but there's no pleasing it!'

`It can't go straight, you know, if you pin it all on one side,' Alice said, as she gently put it right for her; `and, dear me, what a state your hair is in!'

`The brush has got entangled in it!' the Queen said with a sigh. `And I lost the comb yesterday.'

Alice carefully released the brush, and did her best to get the hair into order. `Come, you look rather better now!' she said, after altering most of the pins. `But really you should have a lady's maid!'

`I'm sure I'll take you with pleasure!' the Queen said. `Twopence a week, and jam every other day.'

Alice couldn't help laughing, as she said, `I don't want you to hire me -- and I don't care for jam.'

`It's very good jam,' said the Queen
.
`Well, I don't want any to-day, at any rate.'

`You couldn't have it if you did want it,' the Queen said. `The rule is, jam to-morrow and jam yesterday -- but never jam to-day.'

05/03/2013

Through the Looking Glass - Chapter 4

Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll

 
Chapter 4 - Tweedledum and Tweedledee
 
They were standing under a tree, each with an arm round the other's neck, and Alice knew which was which in a moment, because one of them had `DUM' embroidered on his collar, and the other `DEE.' `I suppose they've each got "TWEEDLE" round at the back of the collar,' she said to herself.

They stood so still that she quite forgot they were alive, and she was just looking round to see if the word "TWEEDLE" was written at the back of each collar, when she was startled by a voice coming from the one marked `DUM.'

`If you think we're wax-works,' he said, `you ought to pay, you know. Wax-works weren't made to be looked at for nothing, Nohow!'

`Contrariwise,' added the one marked `DEE,' `if you think we're alive, you ought to speak.'

`I'm sure I'm very sorry,' was all Alice could say; for the words of the old song kept ringing through her head like the ticking of a clock, and she could hardly help saying them out loud: --
`Tweedledum and Tweedledee
Agreed to have a battle;
For Tweedledum said Tweedledee
Had spoiled his nice new rattle.
Just then flew down a monstrous crow,
As black as a tar-barrel;
Which frightened both the heroes so,
They quite forgot their quarrel.'